Kidney stones are a common problem. The lifetime incidence of kidney stones in Western Nations is 13% for men and 7% for women. The average age for first presentation is 40-50 but kidney stones can occur in virtually any age group. People at greater risk include those from the Middle East, those with obesity and/or “metabolic syndrome”. Many people pass only one kidney stone in their lives but around 50% are recurrent stone-formers.

Pain is the most common symptom when passing a kidney stone and some people will notice blood in their urine. When patients present with acute renal colic they should be referred to Urology usually via the Emergency Department (refer Urology Guidelines in Healthpoint)

Those with a high risk for recurrent kidney stones should be referred to the Renal Service for Metabolic Risk assessment and management.  In many cases this will include Renal Physician and Dietitian assessment with recommendations based on the results of investigations. Some patients will also be managed with medications depending on the risks identified. In virtually all cases patients should be encouraged to drink enough water or other beverages (such as tea, coffee or orange juice) in order to pass 2.5 litres of urine per day so as to dilute promoters of stone formation.

It is essential if possible to undertake a stone analysis. Any stone passed should be brought and sent to the laboratory for stone analysis.

Further details can be found on the Auckland Health Pathways site.